STROKE IN GUYANA: WHEN EVERY MINUTE COUNTS

Dr. Tariq Jagnarine, Fam Med, Endocrinology/Diabetes

Understanding stroke
A stroke happens when blood flow to the brain is suddenly interrupted. This can occur when a blood vessel is blocked by a clot or when a blood vessel bursts. When the brain is deprived of oxygen and nutrients, brain cells begin to die within minutes. The damage caused by a stroke can be permanent, affecting speech, movement, memory, and even personality.
Stroke is not a rare event in Guyana. It is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability, and it often strikes without warning. Many people who suffer a stroke were previously walking, working, and caring for their families just hours before.

Why stroke is a major problem in Guyana
Stroke is becoming increasingly common in Guyana, affecting both older adults and people in their 40s and 50s. The impact is devastating not only for individuals but also for families who must suddenly cope with disability, caregiving responsibilities, and loss of income.
A major concern is that many strokes in Guyana are preventable. High blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity, conditions discussed in previous weeks, are the main drivers of stroke. When these conditions are not detected or controlled, the risk of stroke rises sharply.

What health workers see every day
Doctors and nurses across the country frequently treat patients who arrive at hospitals unable to move one side of their body, unable to speak, or unable to recognise their loved ones. Many families say the same thing: “He was fine yesterday.”
In many cases, patients had high blood pressure or diabetes that was undiagnosed or poorly controlled. Others ignored warning signs such as headaches, dizziness, or weakness. By the time medical help is sought, the damage is often severe.

What causes stroke
The most common cause of stroke in Guyana is uncontrolled high blood pressure. High blood pressure damages blood vessels over time, making them more likely to become blocked or burst. Diabetes increases the risk by damaging blood vessels and promoting clot formation.
Other important causes include smoking, excessive alcohol use, obesity, high cholesterol, heart disease, and lack of physical activity. Stress and poor diet also contribute. Stroke is rarely caused by a single factor; it is usually the result of multiple risks acting together over many years.

Who is most at risk
Although stroke can happen to anyone, certain people are at higher risk. Adults over the age of forty are more vulnerable, especially those with high blood pressure or diabetes. People who smoke, drink heavily, or are overweight face increased risk. Men tend to experience stroke earlier in life, while women often experience more severe outcomes.
Importantly, stroke is no longer a disease only of the elderly. Increasing numbers of younger adults in Guyana are experiencing stroke due to poorly-controlled chronic conditions.

Warning signs of stroke: Know them and act fast
Stroke symptoms usually appear suddenly. These may include weakness or numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body; difficulty speaking or understanding speech; sudden confusion; loss of balance; dizziness; or severe headache.
Time is critical. The longer the brain goes without blood flow, the greater the damage. Recognising symptoms early and getting to a hospital immediately can mean the difference between recovery and lifelong disability.

What to do when stroke is suspected
If someone suddenly develops weakness, trouble speaking, or facial drooping, do not wait and do not attempt home remedies. Immediate medical attention is essential. Every minute matters because early treatment can reduce brain damage and improve survival.
Family members and bystanders play a crucial role. Acting quickly can save a life or prevent permanent disability.

Diagnosis and treatment
Stroke is diagnosed using clinical examination and imaging of the brain. Treatment depends on the type of stroke and how quickly the person arrives at the hospital. Some strokes can be treated with medications that dissolve clots if given early enough, while others require supportive care and rehabilitation.
After the initial emergency, long-term treatment focuses on preventing another stroke. This includes controlling blood pressure, managing diabetes, stopping smoking, reducing alcohol use, and taking prescribed medications consistently.

Life after stroke
Many people survive a stroke, but are left with long-term challenges. These may include difficulty walking, speaking, swallowing, or performing daily activities. Rehabilitation, including physiotherapy and speech therapy, plays a key role in recovery, but progress can be slow.
Families often become caregivers, facing emotional, physical, and financial strain. Preventing the first stroke or a second one is therefore far better than managing the aftermath.

Preventing stroke
Most strokes can be prevented by controlling known risk factors. Regular blood pressure checks, blood sugar testing, healthy eating, physical activity, and avoiding smoking are powerful protective measures. Taking prescribed medications as directed is essential, even when you feel well.
Knowing your health numbers and acting early reduces the risk of stroke dramatically.

A message to families and communities
Stroke prevention is a shared responsibility. Encouraging loved ones to check their blood pressure, supporting healthier meals, and recognising stroke symptoms can save lives. Communities that promote healthy living help protect everyone.
Stroke does not give second chances easily. It can take away speech, movement, independence, and life itself in a matter of minutes. Yet many strokes in Guyana are preventable.
Do not wait until disaster strikes. Control your blood pressure, manage diabetes, stay active, and seek care early.
When it comes to stroke, every minute counts and prevention saves lives.